Consolidated theory of fluid thermodiffusion

We present the Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell thermodiffusion equations, which account for the Soret and Dufour effects in multicomponent fluids. Unlike transport laws derived from kinetic theory, this framework preserves the structure of the isothermal Stefan–Maxwell equations, separating the thermodynamic forces that drive diffusion from the force that drives heat flow. The Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell transport-coefficient matrix is symmetric, and the second law of thermodynamics imbues it with simple spectral characteristics. This new approach allows for heat to be considered as a pseudo-species and proves equivalent to both the intuitive extension of Fick's law and the generalized Stefan–Maxwell equations popularized by Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot. A general inversion process facilitates the unique formulation of flux-explicit transport equations relative to any choice of convective reference velocity. Stefan–Maxwell diffusivities and thermal diffusion factors are tabulated for gaseous mixtures containing helium, argon, neon, krypton, and xenon. The framework is deployed to perform numerical simulations of steady three-dimensional thermodiffusion in a ternary gas.     

Segregation and intermixing in polydisperse liquid–solid fluidized beds: A multifluid model validation study

Multifluid model (MFM) simulations have been carried out on liquid–solid fluidized beds (LSFB) consisting of binary and higher-order polydisperse particle mixtures. The role of particle–particle interactions was found to be as crucial as the drag force under laminar and homogenous LSFB flow regimes. The commonly used particle–particle closure models are designed for turbulent and heterogeneous gas–solid flow regimes and thus exhibit limited to no success when implemented for LSFB operating under laminar and homogenous conditions. A need is perceived to carry out direct numerical simulations of liquid–solid flows and extract data from them to develop rational closure terms to account for the physics of LSFB. Finally, a recommendation flow regime map signifying the performance of the MFM has been proposed. This map will act as a potential guideline to identify whether or not the bed expansion characteristics of a given polydisperse LSFB can be correctly simulated using MFM closures tested.     

流体驱动旋转装备应用与数值模拟方法研究进展

流体驱动旋转装备在能量转换及能量回收等过程中应用广泛。近年来,流体驱动旋转装备新结构不断涌现,其应用也得到了拓展,逐步与海水淡化、制冷、混合、测速等过程结合。在此发展过程中,计算流体力学为流体驱动旋转装备的设计优化提供了新途径。本文综述了流体驱动旋转装备在能源工程、化学工程等领域的应用,总结了流体驱动旋转装备数值模拟方法研究进展,对比了主动旋转及被动旋转两种模拟方法,指出被动旋转模拟在流体驱动旋转装备研究中的意义,展望了流体驱动旋转技术在超重力装备中的应用前景。     

U形导流板换热器传热和阻力性能分析

建立U形导流板换热器和扭转流换热器全截面周期模型,利用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对两种换热器壳程性能进行数值研究。相较于扭转流换热器,U形导流板换热器的壳程压降降低45.3%~47.5%,传热系数降低9.9%~13.5%,均匀性提高2.4%~4.0%,综合性能提高4.0%~14.6%。场协同结果表明,U形导流板换热器壳程流体速度与压力梯度的协同性优于扭转流换热器,而流体速度与温度梯度的协同性不如扭转流换热器。本文利用激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）验证了模拟方法准确性和模拟结果的可靠性;分析了U形导流板结构参数及布置方式对换热器壳程压降和传热性能的影响。结果表明,U形导流板的布置角度和布置方式对性能影响显著,导流板宽度和导流板间距的影响较小。     

搅拌槽中酯化反应热失控的CFD模拟

热失控是化工过程中常见的安全风险之一。在间歇釜式反应器中,桨叶的机械转动可以增强流体的循环流动、湍流强度、混合程度以及传热,进而有效防范热失控。防控效果与反应器结构和搅拌桨型密切相关。针对丙酸异丙酯酯化反应,采用计算流体力学模拟研究了桨型(Rushton桨、30o PBT桨及60o PBT桨)、转动方向和挡板对釜式反应器内温度演化的影响,从流动结构方面分析了原因。基于散度的失控判据比较了三种搅拌桨抑制热失控的能力,抑制能力为Rushton桨＞30° PBTD桨＞60° PBTD桨。本研究可为搅拌反应器热失控的优化设计提供一定的理论依据。     

Investigation of carbon dioxide photoreduction process in a laboratory-scale photoreactor by computational fluid dynamic and reaction kinetic modeling

The production of solar fuels via the photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methane by titanium oxide is a promising process to control greenhouse gas emissions and provide alternative renewable fuels. Although several reaction mechanisms have been proposed, the detailed steps are still ambiguous, and the limiting factors are not well defined. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms of carbon dioxide photoreduction, a multiphysics model was developed using COMSOL. The novelty of this work is the computational fluid dynamic model combined with the novel carbon dioxide photoreduction intrinsic reaction kinetic model, which was built based on three-steps, namely gas adsorption, surface reactions and desorption, while the ultraviolet light intensity distribution was simulated by the Gaussian distribution model and Beer-Lambert model. The carbon dioxide photoreduction process conducted in a laboratory-scale reactor under different carbon dioxide and water moisture partial pressures was then modeled based on the intrinsic kinetic model. It was found that the simulation results for methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen yield match the experiments in the concentration range of 10⁻⁴ mol·m^–3 at the low carbon dioxide and water moisture partial pressure. Finally, the factors of adsorption site concentration, adsorption equilibrium constant, ultraviolet light intensity and temperature were evaluated.     

自组织与自组织城市

自组织理论和方法在当代城市地理学和规划理论的前沿领域有着非常重要而深刻的应用 ,这方面的研究工作已经有30多年的历史乃至更早。文章评介了自组织城市理论、模型和自组织城市规划思想与方法 ,解释了自组织概念的基本含义 ,分别介绍了自组织城市研究的 7个重要领域 :耗散城市、协同城市、混沌城市、分形城市、细胞城市、沙堆城市以及FACS和IRN城市 ,讨论了基于自组织研究的空间复杂性问题     

CROSS - a Program for Determination of Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering -     

复杂有源配电网供电路径快速优化

配电网络结构日益复杂化以及分布式电源广泛接入带来的不确定性,增加了配电网供电路径优化的难度,传统配电网重构方法很难满足其快速性要求。针对风机、光伏出力的波动性,在构造的概率场景模型基础上,基于时间尺度进行出力分割,并利用无重复生成树策略对复杂搜索空间进行简化,避免重复性辐射型校验,减少解空间的冗余度,采取改进的编码策略以及改进的教学优化算法对重构模型进行求解,提高搜索的速度和全局寻优能力。算例分析证明了所提方法的快速性和有效性。     

主动配电网状态估计技术评述

间隙性分布式电源高渗透率并网,电动汽车、储能系统等可控负荷及高级量测装置的规模化接入使得主动配电网状态估计在结果精度要求、计算效率等方面面临诸多全新挑战。首先,简要阐述了国内外有关传统配电网状态估计技术前期的研究成果;然后,较为全面地梳理了主动配电网状态估计技术的国内外研究现状,包括新型伪量测的合理建模、状态估计算法的高效改进及量测装置的优化配置等研究方面;最后,对该领域未来进一步发展所面临的关键问题进行了探讨和分析。